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Expert witness in the Cayman Islands K-Electric dispute

RIAA Barker Gillette Expert witness testimony given in K-Electric dispute

In October 2022, certain indirect shareholders of K-Electric Ltd, the vertically-integrated electricity provider for Karachi, filed proceedings in the Sindh High Court challenging a transaction in the Cayman Islands resulting in the change in ownership of another major indirect shareholder, the Infrastructure and Growth Capital Fund (IGCF).

The Sindh High Court granted an injunction restraining IGCF from implementing the transaction. The proceedings in the Sindh High Court sought to prevent the appointment of IGCF’s nominees to the board of K-Electric.

In response, IGCF filed anti-suit injunction proceedings before the Financial Services Division of the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands, seeking the discontinuation of proceedings before the Sindh High Court. The Cayman proceedings involved questions of Pakistan law concerning the jurisdiction of Courts and the enforceability of exclusive jurisdiction clauses.

IGCF engaged our Managing Partner, Bilal Shaukat, as a Pakistan law expert witness. He provided a written opinion on the legal questions and presented himself for cross-examination.

In his judgment, the presiding Honorable Justice Segal made several observations about our assistance, stating,

I found Mr Shaukat to be a reliable and helpful witness who set out his opinions, both in writing and orally during his cross-examination, clearly with supporting analysis and arguments. He dealt directly and candidly with points of difficulty and adopted a balanced and impartial approach… I found his analysis to be clear and cogent and supported by the applicable law and authorities.”

Honorable Justice Segal

Relying on our expert witness testimony, the Cayman Court allowed IGCF’s application and granted the anti-suit injunction.

Bilal Shaukat observed:

“Our engagement by IGCF and this outcome is a testament to RIAA Barker Gillette’s capabilities and experience in multi-jurisdictional disputes concerning Pakistan’s energy sector. We congratulate IGCF on this important victory in the Cayman proceedings.”

Bilal Shaukat, Managing Partner – Pakistan, RIAA Barker Gillette

Pakistan’s Managing Partner, Bilal Shaukat, led the team working on this matter with assistance from Pakistan Partner Shahbakht Pirzada.

For further information, contact our Managing Partner, Bilal Shaukat or read the press coverage.

This article is not legal advice; it provides information of general interest about current legal issues.


RIAA Barker Gillette is Pakistan’s premier law firm, with an on-the-ground presence in four major cities in Pakistan: Karachi, Islamabad, Lahore, and Peshawar, and affiliated offices in Dubai (DIFC) and London.

The firm practices in all areas of corporate, commercial and dispute resolution law. Leading international legal directories consistently recognize the firm as a top-tier law firm in Pakistan.

Lex Mundi Logo

RIAA Barker Gillette is the exclusive member firm in Pakistan for Lex Mundi, the world’s leading network of independent law firms with in-depth experience in over 125 countries worldwide.  


Alternative Energy & Power

Pakistan Chapter of Chambers & Partners Global Practice Guide on Alternative Energy & Power. Blue Geometric design

We authored the Pakistan Chapter of the 2023 edition of the Chambers & Partners Global Practice Guide, which provides an overview of Pakistan’s power sector, including the legal framework governing the structure, ownership, and regulation of the industry.

The primary law regulating Pakistan’s power sector is the Regulation of Generation, Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power Act, 1997 and amendments. This established the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) as the sector regulator. NEPRA issues licenses for generation, transmission and distribution activities and determines tariffs.

Both state-owned and private companies undertake generation. Private independent power producers expanded significantly over the past two decades under government power policies offering incentives. Transmission is dominated by the state-owned National Transmission and Despatch Company (NTDC), but some private companies have special-purpose transmission licenses. Distribution is mainly through state-owned companies except for K-Electric, privatized in 2005.

Recent amendments to the NEPRA Act aim to introduce more competition by licensing market operators, power traders and suppliers. This will gradually transition the market to a competitive trading bilateral contract model.

Federal and provincial environmental protection agencies grant environmental approvals. Pakistan has laws on climate change but no policy yet for early retirement of carbon-based generation. The government aims to expand renewable power to above 50% of the total generation mix.

Generation facilities require licenses and tariff approvals from NEPRA. Transmission and distribution activities also need NEPRA’s licensing and tariff approvals. The NTDC plans generation capacity expansion, and the system operator controls supply and dispatch.

The power sector faces challenges, including heavy reliance on expensive imported fuels, the unwillingness of distribution companies to enable wheeling, ageing infrastructure and institutional inefficiencies leading to circular debt. Despite these challenges, government policies attract investment in conventional and renewable generation. Pakistan’s renewable energy potential and growing projected demand remain a key driver.

For an in-depth examination of the legal framework, industry structure and ownership, licensing and approvals, environmental regulation, market reforms, challenges and risks in Pakistan’s alternative energy and power sector, read the Pakistan chapter here.

For more information, contact our Partner, Nadir Atlaf, today.

This article is not legal advice; it provides information of general interest about current legal issues.


RIAA Barker Gillette is Pakistan’s premier law firm, with an on-the-ground presence in four major cities in Pakistan: Karachi, Islamabad, Lahore, and Peshawar, and affiliated offices in Dubai (DIFC) and London.

The firm practices in all areas of corporate, commercial and dispute resolution law. Leading international legal directories consistently recognize the firm as a top-tier law firm in Pakistan.

Lex Mundi Logo

RIAA Barker Gillette is the exclusive member firm in Pakistan for Lex Mundi, the world’s leading network of independent law firms with in-depth experience in over 125 countries worldwide.  


Pakistan Chapter of the Chambers Corporate M&A Guide 2023

We authored the Pakistan Chapter of the Chambers Corporate M&A Guide 2023, which provides a comprehensive overview of the legal framework governing mergers and acquisitions in Pakistan.

Discussing recent trends, the guide notes an increase in M&A activity as businesses pursue growth strategies amid depressed valuations. The key industries that experienced significant M&A activity were IT and IT-enabled services, independent power producers, and the consumer goods sectors.

Pakistan’s corporate M&A landscape is governed by the Companies Act 2017, the Securities Act 2015 and related regulations and the Competition Act 2010. The primary regulators overseeing M&A transactions are the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP), the Competition Commission of Pakistan (CCP), and, for cross-border M&A deals, the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP). Sector-specific statutes impose additional requirements for M&A transactions in regulated industries such as insurance and banking.

The guide examines the legal regime applicable to foreign investments in Pakistan, including security clearance requirements, repatriation of profits and dividends, and sectoral caps on foreign ownership.

The main modes of acquisition of a company in Pakistan are share purchases and schemes of arrangement.  Factors influencing choice include complexity, timelines and tax implications.

Common practices around due diligence and deal structures are also discussed. The scope of due diligence depends on commercial factors, transaction structure and the size/industry of the target. Detailed legal due diligence is common for local deals, while foreign acquirers may opt for more limited red flag reviews.

The guide provides an in-depth overview of the takeover regulations applicable to acquisitions of listed companies in Pakistan, including public disclosure requirements, mandatory public offer thresholds, timelines, permissible conditions on the offer, implications for minority shareholders and available squeeze-out mechanisms.

In addition, the guide examines directors’ duties under Pakistani law in connection with M&A deals, including their role during the negotiation process and in providing recommendations to shareholders.

The guide discusses defensive measures that can be adopted by target companies in Pakistan to thwart hostile takeover attempts. Common defensive measures include seeking court injunctions or involving regulators if the acquirer violates laws.

The guide further covers the growing trend of shareholder activism in the country, where minority shareholders in listed companies increasingly exercise their rights to influence major corporate decisions.   For comprehensive insights on M&A regulations and trends in Pakistan, read the Pakistan chapter of the Chambers Corporate M&A Guide 2023.

For more information on M&A, contact Pakistan’s Managing Partner Bilal Shaukat or Partner Shafaq Rehman.

This article is not legal advice; it provides information of general interest about current legal issues.


RIAA Barker Gillette is Pakistan’s premier law firm, with an on-the-ground presence in four major cities in Pakistan: Karachi, Islamabad, Lahore, and Peshawar, and affiliated offices in Dubai (DIFC) and London.

The firm practices in all areas of corporate, commercial and dispute resolution law. Leading international legal directories consistently recognize the firm as a top-tier law firm in Pakistan.

Lex Mundi Logo

RIAA Barker Gillette is the exclusive member firm in Pakistan for Lex Mundi, the world’s leading network of independent law firms with in-depth experience in over 125 countries worldwide.  


Chambers Practice Guide on Pakistan TMT Laws

We authored the Pakistan Chapter of the 2023 edition of the Practice Guide on Pakistan TMT Laws (technology, media and telecommunications).

The Practice Guide on Pakistan TMT Laws provides a comprehensive overview of the legal landscape in Pakistan, covering the digital economy, cloud computing, the Internet of Things, broadcast media, telecommunications regulation, and electronic signatures and digital identity.

The digital economy is rapidly growing in Pakistan. The Practice Guide on Pakistan TMT Laws provides insights into the regulatory framework governing digital banks, e-commerce, and electronic money institutions (EMIs), including the State Bank of Pakistan’s Licensing and Regulatory Framework for Digital Banks and the Electronic Money Institutions Regulations 2019. It also discusses the SBP’s plans regarding a Central Bank Digital Currency and launching a QR Code-based payment system to enable merchants to receive instant payments.

The guide also covers cloud computing and the legal framework governing outsourcing to cloud service providers. It discusses the SBP’s Framework on Outsourcing to Cloud Service providers applicable to financial institutions and the extent of application of the Personal Data Protection Bill (if and when enacted by Parliament) and of the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016 (PECA) and the Removal and Blocking of Unlawful Online (Procedure, Oversight and Safeguards) Rules 2021 to cloud computing.

The Internet of Things and machine-to-machine communication are also discussed in the guide, with a focus on the application of the Pakistan Telecommunication (Reorganisation) Act 1996 (PTA Act) and the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016. 

Broadcast media and distribution services in Pakistan are subject to regulation by the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA). The guide provides a detailed analysis of the regulatory framework governing broadcast media and distribution services, including licensing requirements, foreign ownership restrictions and requirements for broadcasting foreign satellite TV channels.

The Practice Guide on Pakistan TMT Laws provides an overview of the regulation of the operation of telecommunications systems and the provision of telecommunications services by the Pakistan Telecommunications Authority. The guide discusses the PTA Act and regulations relating to the allocation of radio spectrum, terminal equipment approval, VoIP, and communication secrecy

Finally, the guide provides insights into the legal framework governing electronic signatures and digital identity use in Pakistan, covering the Electronic Transactions Ordinance 2002 and the National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) regime.  For a comprehensive overview of the legal landscape in Pakistan, applicable technology, media and telecommunications, please read the full Pakistan Chapter of the 2023 edition of the Chambers Practice Guide.

For more information on Pakistan TMT Laws, contact our partners, Yousaf Khosa and Shafaq Rehman.

This article is not legal advice; it provides information of general interest about current legal issues.


RIAA Barker Gillette is Pakistan’s premier law firm, with an on-the-ground presence in four major cities in Pakistan: Karachi, Islamabad, Lahore, and Peshawar, and affiliated offices in Dubai (DIFC) and London.

The firm practices in all areas of corporate, commercial and dispute resolution law. Leading international legal directories consistently recognize the firm as a top-tier law firm in Pakistan.

Lex Mundi Logo

RIAA Barker Gillette is the exclusive member firm in Pakistan for Lex Mundi, the world’s leading network of independent law firms with in-depth experience in over 125 countries worldwide.  


Chambers Litigation 2023

We authored the Pakistan chapter of Litigation 2023, published by Chambers and Partners, with contributions from leading firms in nearly 50 jurisdictions worldwide.

The guide provides an overview of the various stages of #litigation, including the institution of proceedings, pre-trial stages, discovery, injunctive relief, trials and hearings, settlement, damages and judgment, appeals and costs. Also, it covers alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and #arbitration.

Please find a link to the Guide here. For further information, speak to senior partner Yousaf Khosa.


Chambers International Trade 2023

The guide provides the latest information on World Trade Organization membership, free and preferential trade agreements, the law relating to customs, sanctions, export controls, anti-dumping and countervailing (AD/CVD) duties and safeguard measures, subsidy and incentive programmes for domestic production, and geographical protections.

For more information, speak to partner Mazhar Bangash.


Chambers Technology M&A 2023 Guide

The chapter covers key market trends, early-stage and venture capital financing, liquidity events, spin-offs, acquisitions of public technology companies and business-critical regulatory requirements.

Senior Partner Hasnain Naqvee, Partner Shafaq Rehman and Associate Zeelaf Shahzad authored the chapter.

For more information, speak to Hasnain Naqvee today.


Pakistan, a favoured destination for remote workforces

As one of the world’s most populous countries, with the majority being between 18 and 25 years old, the Pakistani market is home to many well-qualified English-speaking professionals. The country is fast emerging as a preferred jurisdiction for foreign businesses seeking skilled professional remote workforces at relatively more affordable salaries. This trend is increasing as global economic conditions drive businesses to explore more efficient alternatives to establishing a local presence in a jurisdiction through a subsidiary.

Of late, many foreign businesses have shown interest in engaging employers of record (EOR) in Pakistan. These EORs are Pakistani businesses that assume the responsibilities of an employer towards personnel that the foreign business wishes to hire in Pakistan. This arrangement allows the foreign business to avoid the risk and compliance burden associated with directly employing personnel in a jurisdiction, including the performance of HR functions, establishing a local presence and managing payroll. The EOR hires personnel specifically to provide services to foreign businesses. These include individuals and remote teams who are specialists in various subjects, from HR to finance, accounting, customer support, administration, IT support, digital marketing, research and payroll management. 

This arrangement allows companies to expand cost-effectively and efficiently while remaining focused on their core business by placing with specialist EORs the responsibility for compliance with jurisdiction-specific regulations surrounding employment, benefits and taxes. Given the rise of remote working, prevailing economic conditions and a large qualified workforce in Pakistan in search of rewarding employment opportunities, we anticipate an increase in foreign businesses looking towards hiring in Pakistan through EORs to meet their strategic expansion and specific talent requirements.

Should you require legal advice on engaging remote workforces, please contact partner Shafaq Rehman today.

Note: This article is not intended to provide legal advice, and no legal or business decision should be based on its content. It is intended to provide information of general interest about current legal issues.



Lexology Getting the Deal Through: Investment Treaty Arbitration Guide

Earlier this year, we contributed the Pakistan chapter of the Investment Treaty Arbitration guide published by Lexology Getting the Deal Through.

The chapter covers foreign investment policy, investment related legislation, obligations under investment treaties, foreign investment promotion, investment treaty practice, investment arbitration history, enforcement of awards against the state and recent trends.

Link to guide: https://www.lexology.com/gtdt/tool/workareas/report/investment-treaty-arbitration/chapter/pakistan


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What clients say...

  • Chambers Asia-Pacific 2025

    "RIAA Barker Gillette has always had the most apt ability to handle, manage and steer complex and difficult matters in the right legal direction."

  • Legal 500 2025

    "We have worked with RIAA on a number of complex multi-jurisdictional matters. Throughout, they provided not only exceptional local advice but proved excellent at collaborating with firms across the world. They were instrumental in developing and implementing a comprehensive strategy."

  • Chambers Asia-Pacific 2025

    "Our operation is complex and has many nuances, and they have helped us navigate all of them promptly and professionally."

  • Legal 500 2024

    "Very professional firm, able to provide clear, concise and constructive advice. Proven very astute in formulating overall strategies of engagement."

  • Chambers Asia-Pacific 2024

    "RIAA is highly professional, meeting tight deadlines with the utmost proficiency. They have always come up with out-of-the-box solutions."

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